CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, January 6th 2023, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

High hopes and broken promises:
Young adult life courses and political protest in West Africa

Anette Fasang
Professor of Microsociology, Berlin Social Science Center (WZB),
Humboldt-University

Failing to attain an aspired social position can be a profoundly painful experience. Across the global South, the combination of educational expansion and a stagnant labour market prevents vast numbers of young people from finding a job commensurate with their level of education.

In this study, we combine quantitative and qualitative data analysis to document adverse generational change in young adult life courses, the rise of unfulfilled occupational aspirations, and ensuing political protest in West Africa with a special focus on Senegal.

Based on an original data collection of 80 autobiographical interviews we show how Senegalese youth cope with unfulfilled occupational aspirations, and which coping strategies are most associated with political protest. Findings reveal four dominant coping strategies and corresponding narrative frames (Resignation, Internalization, Contestation, and Escape).

The ‘resignation’ frame involves an acceptance of and adjustment to  performing low-status irregular work, often seeking fulfilment in other life domains, such as religion or family. The most common frame, ‘internalization’, relies on neoliberal tropes about individual responsibility and self-reliance. The ‘contestation’ frame critiques the global and local structural conditions that hamper local employment opportunities and is most associated with political activism. Finally, ‘escape’ frames clandestine migration as a risky alternative route to success. We discuss the socio-political ramifications of our findings and the applicability of our typology of coping strategies to other social settings.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Monday, December 12th 2022, 2:15- 3:45 pm
Sciences Po (1, place Saint-Thomas) - Room H101

Does Schooling Affect Socioeconomic Inequalities in Educational Attainment? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Germany

Michael GRÄTZ
Associate Professor, Stockholm Univeristy & University of Lausanne

Critical theories of education and the dynamics of skill formation model predict that the education system reproduces socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment. Previous empirical studies comparing changes in socioeconomic inequalities in academic performance over the summer to changes in these inequalities during the school year argue, however, that schooling reduces inequalities in educational performance.

The present study sheds light on the question of whether schooling affects socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment by analyzing a natural experiment that induces exogenous variation in the length of schooling and allows me to investigate the causal, long-term effects of the length of schooling on inequalities in educational attainment.

Some German states moved the school start from spring to summer in 1966/ 1967 and introduced two short school years, each of which was three months shorter than a regular school year. I use variation in the short school years across cohorts and states to estimate the causal effects of the length of schooling on socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment based on two German panel surveys.

Less schooling due to the short school years did not affect inequalities in educational attainment. This finding runs counter to the results from the summer learning literature and to the predictions of the dynamics of skill formation model and critical theories of education.

I conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for our understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in educational attainment.

Paper can be downloaded here - To find out about Michael Grätz

Registration is mandatory. Thank you. [Virtual access available via Zoom]

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, December 9th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (13, rue de l'Université) - Room J208

Inequalities in time use, risk and enjoyment
across the UK pandemic

 Oriel Sullivan
Professor of Sociology of Gender
University College London (UCL)

Using a unique series of time use diary surveys, collected during all the main phases of the COVID19 pandemic in the UK, we present changes in activities (done in and out of doors) and their social context during 3 lockdowns, one period of relaxation of restrictions between lockdowns, and one after the end of all restrictions. We investigate differences in risk-related activities according to sex and age, and the relative enjoyment of those activities that increased during the pandemic (such as child care for parents).

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

Oriel Sullivan is Professor of Sociology of Gender in the Social Research Institute and Co-Director of the Center for Time Use Research (CTUR), University College London  (UCL). Publications (Google Scholar)

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, December 2nd 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K008

Governing through Dis-orientation.
The Spatial Management of Asylum Seekers in France

Maxime Christophe
(PhD Student, Sciences Po - CRIS)

Since 2015 and the appearance of the first urban camps, Paris has been perceived by public authorities as "strained" due to the excess presence of asylum seekers and the lack of public accommodation.
A policy of "orientating" these asylum seekers away from the city has taken shape in the form of a network of transit centres. This management of the flow of individuals reinforces a logic of constraint of the mobility already present in the accomodation system.
Through a multi-sited ethnography, interviewing and archival work, this presentation aims to document the implementation and implications of this governing of bodies. 

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

Maxime Christophe is, since 2020, PhD Student at the CRIS, under the supervision of Ettore Recchi (Thesis Director).

Labour Market Protection and Family Policy in High-Income Countries.
Continuity and Change (1990-2020)

Federico Danilo Filetti
Sciences Po - CRIS & LIEPP

Thesis defense, Thursday 17 November 2022, 3pm, at Sciences Po, room K.011.

Jury: Rossella Ciccia, Associate Professor of Social Policy, University of Oxford (reviewer)
Emanuele Ferragina, Associate Professor of Sociology, Sciences Po (supervisor)
Olivier Giraud, Senior Researcher, CNRS-Cnam-Lise
Angela Greulich,Full Professor of Sociologie, Sciences Po
Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, Professor of Comparative Public Policy, University of Tübingen (reviewer)

This dissertation employs a mix-methods research design to investigate processes of welfare state change through the prism of labour market protection and family policy, the two social policy areas that underwent the most noticeable transformations over the last three decades (1990-2020).
This investigation builds on the insights developed in the regime varieties literature (i.e., Worlds of Welfare, Varieties of Capitalism and École de la Régulation) and the debate bridging regime varieties and accounts of welfare state change (i.e., Varieties of Liberalization).

Our measure of labour market protection and family policy makes it possible to overcome the increasingly unrealistic Average Production Worker assumption, simultaneously accounting for dimensions of protection related to both ‘old’ and ‘new’ social risks. Labour market protection and family policy continuity and change are analysed quantitatively by employing Principal Component Analysis and two multidimensional scores to gather a holistic perspective on policy similarities and differences across countries and over time, and on the relationships between institutional arrangements and labour market outcomes.
The historical process-tracing of labour market protection and family policy reforms in Italy and France complements this investigation, and helps to observe details on policy and welfare state change that are invisible to quantitative descriptive methods.

This work contributes to the literature in five ways, by:
 1) providing new typologies of labour market protection (Central/Northern European, Southern European and liberal) and family policy (social democratic, commodified and residual) varieties resulting from three decades of institutional change;
 2) developing a series of country-specific taxonomies of labour market protection (liberalization, dualization, flexibility, de-dualization and higher protection) and family policy (de-Scandinization, partial de-Scandinization, partial Scandinization and Scandinization) trajectories of change;
 3) showing that the path-dependency hypothesis developed in the welfare state change literature is partially rejected for labour market protection, while it mostly holds for family policy;
 4) specifying, through historical process-tracing, that the labour market and family policy trajectories of change identified in previous contributions and in the quantitative analysis do not capture the full spectrum of the changes occurring in Italy and France; and
 5) showing that trajectories of change can be dynamic – in other words, a country can move from one trajectory to another over-time.

Ettore Recchi, Alessandro Ferrara, Alejandra Rodriguez Sanchez, Emanuel Deutschmann, Lorenzo Gabrielli, Stefano Lacus, Luca Bastiani, Spyridon Spyratos and Michele Vespe

The impact of air travel on the precocity and severity of COVID-19 deaths
in sub-national areas across 45 countries

Scientific Reports 12, 16522 (2022) [open access]

Airports: gateways to Covid-19?

Human travel fed the worldwide spread of COVID-19, but it remains unclear whether the volume of incoming air passengers and the centrality of airports in the global airline network made some regions more vulnerable to earlier and higher mortality.
We assess whether the precocity and severity of COVID-19 deaths were contingent on these measures of air travel intensity, adjusting for differences in local non-pharmaceutical interventions and pre-pandemic structural characteristics of 502 sub-national areas on five continents in April–October 2020.

Our ordinary least squares (OLS) models of precocity (i.e., the timing of the 1st and 10th death outbreaks) reveal that neither airport centrality nor the volume of incoming passengers are impactful once we consider pre-pandemic demographic characteristics of the areas.

We assess severity (i.e., the weekly death incidence of COVID-19) through the estimation of a generalized linear mixed model, employing a negative binomial link function.

Variable effects over time

Results suggest that COVID-19 death incidence was insensitive to airport centrality, with no substantial changes over time. Higher air passenger volume tends to coincide with more COVID-19 deaths, but this relation weakened as the pandemic proceeded.
Different models prove that either the lack of airports in a region or total travel bans did reduce mortality significantly.

We conclude that COVID-19 importation through air travel followed a ‘travel as spark’ principle, whereby the absence of air travel reduced epidemic risk drastically. However, once some travel occurred, its impact on the severity of the pandemic was only in part associated with the number of incoming passengers, and not at all with the position of airports in the global network of airline connections.

Figure 3 - The impact of air passenger traffic on the severity of COVID-19 deaths (number of deaths in the first week of April–October 2020), controlling for population mixing (NPI), structural predispositions and recursive effects. Negative binomial regressions with continent fixed effects. Risk ratios and confidence intervals.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, October 28th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room K031

Are mixed ability classes bad for school performance and educational choice?
Or for social and ethnic inequality?

Jan O. Jonsson (Professor, Nuffield College, Oxford university)
Joan E. Madia (DPhil student, Nuffield College, Oxford university)

A longstanding question in the organisation of education has been how to handle pupil groups with differing ability. At the centre of this political discussion and academic theorizing is the question of teaching and learning in ability-homogenous groups. Previous research has suggested that tracking or ability grouping, attempting to make the pupil body homogeneous, does not improve learning on average, in some instances ability grouping leads to increasing inequality. However, lack of suitable data and methodological difficulties have made results inconclusive.

We contribute to the literature with a comparative study between the English school system (with institutionalized ability grouping) and Sweden (with occasional use). We study the effect of (a) homogeneity in ability in instructional groups on grade point averages (GPA), (b) the effect of ability grouping within subjects on grades in these subjects, and we extend our analyses to include educational choice of upper secondary education.
We use the harmonised CILS4EU data (around 9,000 pupils, 200 schools and 400 classrooms), containing rich information on students' ability at individual, class and school levels. We fit school fixed effects and selection models to reduce risks of selection into schools and ability groups.

We find little evidence for any efficiency gain in homogeneous instruction groups or ability grouping, but also little evidence that such grouping has any effects on inequality between students of different socioeconomic or immigrant background. In addition, we find few differences between England and Sweden.

Registration is mandatory. Thank you.

Jan O Jonsson's homepage: https://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/jan-o-jonsson/
Joan Madia's homepage: https://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/joan-madia/

Handicap, genre et emploi : regards croisés

Sciences Po, Mardi 8 novembre 2022
Accès gratuit, en présentiel ou en visioconférence par Zoom.
Traduction Vélotypie en ligne (Systemrisp) - Traduction LSF en salle (VIA).

Journée de restitution et d’échanges autour du projet de recherche participative « Handicap, genre et précarité professionnelle : parcours biographiques et réception de l’action publique », financé par la FIRAH, l’Agefiph, la Fondation MAAF Initiatives et Handicap, la Croix Rouge Française et mené à Sciences Po (CRIS-LIEPP) sous la direction d' Anne Revillard. Cette journée donnera lieu à des échanges autour du projet avec des chercheur.e.s, des personnes concernées et des acteurs publics et associatifs.

La recherche visait un double objectif : une meilleure connaissance des facteurs de précarisation professionnelle des femmes handicapées, et l’identification de pistes d’amélioration de l’action publique à partir de l’expertise expérientielle des personnes. Elle a été conçue en étroite relation avec six associations du secteur qui partagent un engagement commun en faveur de l’emploi des personnes handicapées, tout en ayant des formats et des spécialisations complémentaires : LADAPT, Agefiph, apiDV, APF-France handicap, Femmes pour le Dire Femmes pour Agir (FDFA), Fibromyalgie France.
Pour plus de renseignements, consultez la page du projet.

Programme

9h20 - Mots d’accueil par Cécile Vallée (Chargée de développement, FIRAH) et Véronique Bustreel (Directrice de l'innovation, de l’évaluation et de la stratégie de l’Agefiph)

9h30 - Handicap, genre et précarité professionnelle : une recherche participative et appliquée
Cette session revient sur la démarche participative du projet. Les associations partenaires ont été impliquées à toutes les étapes du projet, de la conception au questionnement à la diffusion des résultats, selon un triple rôle : expertise, relai, et opérationnalisation des savoirs. La recherche a ainsi vocation à produire des savoirs utiles pour la pratique.  

 - Présentation du cadre scientifique du projet par Anne Revillard (Professeure associée en sociologie, Sciences Po - CRIS et LIEPP) [support, pdf 183 Ko]
 - Retours d'expériences des associations sur leur participation au projet, par Carole Saleres (APF - France handicap)
 - Résultats et valorisation, par Mathéa Boudinet (Doctorante en sociologie, Sciences Po, CRIS-LIEPP)
 - Dimension appliquée du projet, par Véronique Bustreel (Agefiph)

10h30 - Handicap, genre et travail : quelles données ?
Cette session revient sur les données qualitatives et quantitatives disponibles ou à produire pour investiguer l'articulation entre handicap genre et travail. Animation : Célia Bouchet (Mission pour la place des femmes, CNRS, CRIS)

- Les données disponibles et manquantes, par Arnaud Lenoir (Agefiph)
- Présentation de l'ouvrage « Portraits de travailleuses handicapées », par Anne Revillard et Mathéa Boudinet (CRIS-LIEPP)

11h30 - Handicap, genre et accès à l’emploi
Quelles sont les difficultés d'accès à l'emploi des personnes handicapées et notamment des femmes ? Cette session croise les points de vue des chercheuses, d'une spécialiste de l'accompagnement vers l'emploi et de femmes directement concernées. Animation : François Martinez (Agefiph) 

- Handicap et division du travail au sein des couples, par Célia Bouchet (Postdoctorante en sociologie, Mission pour la place des femmes, CNRS, associée CRIS) [support, pdf 520 Ko]
- Discrimination dans l'accès à l'emploi en raison du handicap, par Naomie Mahmoudi (Postdoctorante au CNAM, chercheuse affiliée au laboratoire de recherche ERUDITE) [support, pdf 722 Ko]
- Accompagner vers l’emploi, par Déguène Alix (APF - France handicap)
- Témoignages de créatrices d’entreprise, avec Giulia Riccioni et Sandra Tournadre

13h – 14h30 – Pause déjeuner

14h30 - Handicap et genre au travail
Comment se joue l'articulation entre handicap et genre dans les expériences au travail ? Une fois en emploi, à quels obstacles les femmes handicapées doivent-elles faire face ? Quels sont les dispositifs publics et les pratiques des entreprises pour favoriser leur accompagnement ? Comment les faire évoluer ?  Animation : Charles Myara (LADAPT)

- Qui trouble l'ordre de l'entreprise ? La figure du travailleur idéal au croisement entre genre et handicap, par Mathéa Boudinet (Doctorante en sociologie, Sciences Po - CRIS et LIEPP)
- Barrières systémiques à l’insertion professionnelle : entre handicap, genre et culture, par Audrey Dupont (Postdoctorante Université de Montréal/CHU Ste-Justine - Université du Québec à Rimouski) [support, pdf 400 Ko]
- Témoignages de femmes en entreprise, avec Margaux Gambier (MSA)
 
16h15 – Handicap, genre et politiques de l’emploi
Cette session ouvre un débat sur les recommandations issues de cette recherche participative et des autres travaux présentés au cours de la journée : comment améliorer l'accompagnement des femmes handicapées vers et dans l'emploi ?  Animation : Anne Revillard
 
 - Quelles recommandations à l'issue de cette recherche, par Mathéa Boudinet (Doctorante en sociologie, Sciences Po - CRIS et LIEPP)
 - Présentation de l’action de FDFA en matière d’emploi, et apports de cette recherche pour la réflexion et l’action associatives, par Claire Desaint (Vice-présidente de Femmes pour le Dire Femmes pour Agir, FDFA) [support, pdf 218 Ko]

• Quelques images de la journée (réalisation Thomas Arrivé, Sciences Po)
• Compte-rendu de la journée (Camille Chaudron) [pdf, 283 ko]
  
  

L'ouvrage coordonné par Mathéa Boudinet et Anne Revillard est publié aux Éditions science et bien commun.
Accès à la version en ligne (libre consultation) en suivant ce lien.

Gaëlle Larrieu, doctorante au CRIS soutiendra sa thèse de doctorat le jeudi 13 octobre 2022 à 14h à Sciences Po.

Entre leurs enfants et les médecins : les expériences parentales des variations du développement sexuel

Composition du jury : Nathalie BAJOS (EHESS - IRIS), Janik BASTIEN‑CHARLEBOIS (UQAM), Marta DOMINGUEZ FOLGUERAS (Directrice de recherche, Sciences Po - CRIS), Wilfried RAULT (INED), Anne REVILLARD (Sciences Po - CRIS et LIEPP), Isabelle VILLE (EHESS - CEMS).

La prise en charge médicale des variations du développement sexuel, aussi nommées intersexuation, est l’objet de débat depuis une vingtaine d’années dans le monde, et plus récemment en France.
Partant du constat que la prise en charge est centrée sur la période de l’enfance, cette thèse propose d’analyser les expériences parentales contemporaines des variations du développement sexuel en France.
Son objectif est de saisir et caractériser la place singulière et intermédiaire qu’occupent les parents entre leurs enfants et les médecins. Pour cela, la thèse s’appuie sur des matériaux qualitatifs : des entretiens biographiques avec 54 parents d’enfants présentant une variation du développement sexuel, des entretiens informatifs menés auprès d’autres acteurs ainsi que l’exploitation de sources écrites.
Le parcours des parents est retracé selon une approche chronologique en partant de l’annonce d’un diagnostic médical en allant jusqu’aux implications de cette découverte au sein du foyer et dans les relations familiales.
Au croisement des études sur l’intersexuation et de la sociologie de la famille, cette thèse permet d’enrichir ces deux champs de recherche ainsi que la sociologie du genre et de la médecine.

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, September 30th 2022, 11:45 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin) - Room A201 + Zoom

Left Behind Whom? Economic Status Loss and Populist Radical Right Voting

Giuseppe Ciccolini

PhD Student, European University Institute
Consultant for the OECD, Adjunct Professor at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf

Citizens’ resentment at losing out to the rest of society is commonly thought to be the foundation of the demand for the populist radical right (PRR).
Yet whether PRR voters are objectively disadvantaged remains disputed, which raises doubts regarding the alleged economic basis behind PRR support.
Relying on European Social Survey (ESS) individual-level data from 23 elections across Western Europe, I demonstrate that the PRR polls better among social classes facing economic status loss. To do so, I leverage income data from Eurostat and develop a novel positional measure of income.
This approach allows me to gauge (objective) economic status decline as distinct from worsening financial circumstances. The pre-eminence of the former over the latter as regards PRR voting is further corroborated by evidence on cultural stances and redistributive preferences.
My study confirms the complementarity of cultural- and economic-based explanations of PRR voting and reveals one electoral consequence of rising economic inequalities.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks!

To find out more on Giuseppe Ciccolini

CRIS Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, September 16th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin), room K008

Is there a "white upper class" privilege in educational achievement in France?
Insights from an intersectional empirical design

Philippe Coulangeon

Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sciences Po - CRIS

This presentation applies the intersectional analytical framework to the analysis of the impact of class, gender, and origin on educational outcomes in contemporary France, relying on data from the 2007 panel of the Ministry of national education matched with those of the first waves of the ongoing EVA (Entrée dans la vie active) survey of the INSEE. This longitudinal data set tracks the educational trajectories of young French people from the time they enter junior high school (classe de 6ème), around age 11, until age 25.

The intersectional approach of the intertwining effect of these variables is operationalized through the Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) originally developed in social epidemiology (Merlo, 2018, Evans et al., 2018; Green, et al., 2017). This approach relies on the definition of strata based on the intersection of four variables: gender, class, origin, and cognitive abilities measured at 11. It differs from the usual approach by the interaction terms between these variables in that it allows the identification of specific combinations in which these effects interact more particularly, even in the presence of limited general interaction effects.

The most salient result relates to French native students of upper-class origin with low cognitive level at age 11 who, even when controlled for the additive effects of these characteristics, display a higher probability to reach an upper tertiary diploma than non-native students from lower social background but higher cognitive abilities measured at 11. On the other hand, non-native students from lower social backgrounds and low-cognitive abilities do not experience a specific “intersectional” penalty. This result suggests a kind of “white upper-class privilege” that may be partially interpreted in terms of compensatory advantage (Bernardi, 2014; Bernardi and Triventi, 2020).

Registration is mandatory. Thanks!

OSC Scientific Seminar 2022-2023

Friday, September 9th 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po (1, Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin), room K011

Inequalities, intersectionality and vulnerability to climate change impacts

Samuel Rufat

Maître de conférence - CY Cergy Paris University & Institut Universitaire de France

Social vulnerability is a measure of the sensitivity of a population to climate change impacts and its ability to respond to and recover from the impacts of environmental hazards. It is considered to mirror the geographies of inequality. As public agencies are increasingly seeking tools to understand inequity in exposure and decide distribution of prevention funds, aggregated indicators of vulnerability are being considered as equity measures. However, such indices rely on single-axis frameworks with the underlying assumptions that a deficit in one dimension of vulnerability can be offset (or compensated) by a surplus in another. More recently, the intersectionality perspective has been gaining traction to offer a more nuanced mapping of vulnerability and thereby overcome binary categorizations of vulnerable groups.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks!

Homepage (CY Université)

Bringing underprivileged middle-school students to the opera: cultural mobility or cultural compliance?

Philippe Coulangeon & Denis Fougère

British Journal of Sociology of Education

First published: 12 August 2022 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2109593

This article assesses the impact of a two-year long project-based learning program conducted by the National Opera of Paris in a large number of middle schools located in underprivileged areas, aiming at preventing school dropout and tackling educational inequalities by providing disadvantaged students with the opportunity to discover the world of opera. This program is not exclusively concerned with democratizing access to the opera. Rather, it focuses on improving students’ self-confidence, motivation and school involvement.

Taking a counterfactual statistical approach (propensity score matching), we measure the impact of participation in the program on final exam and continuous assessment grades.
The analysis displays mixed results: a significant and positive impact for the students who participate in the program for its whole duration (two years), at least for continuous assessment scores, but a negative impact for those who leave the program after only one year.

The contrast between the effects of full and partial participation in the program suggests that these may be primarily due to a selection effect in favor of the most culturally and socially compliant students, in line with Bourdieu’s and Passeron’s reproduction theory rather than a mobility effect resulting from the transfer of cultural capital to disadvantaged students.

Failure at school has often been attributed to the cultural gap that may exist between the resources students inherit from their families and school culture. In this paper, we focus on two strategies aimed at reducing this cultural gap: arts and culture education, and project-based learning. Arts education includes all didactic action directed towards the dissemination of artistic and cultural knowledge. Project-based learning refers to a didactic approach based on interdisciplinary and collaborative educational activities. Advocates of this approach assume that it has a propensity to reduce the distance between students with working-class backgrounds and the school environment, as it involves real, practical objects. Project-based learning may interact with arts education to the extent that this pedagogical orientation often entails the production of artifacts such as creative writing, visual art, drawings, videos, photography, and on-stage performances.

In order to assess the impact of the National Opera of Paris' program on participating students’ educational achievements, we interpret the underlying mechanism of this impact in relation with the cultural capital theory. We show that the socially redistributive impact of the program is questionable depending on whether the program help students from disadvantaged background to compensate for their lack of cultural resources or favor their ability to conform to the middle-class cultural norms and repertoires.

We start this paper by linking the issues raised by the evaluation of the impact of this program with the broader question of the role of cultural capital in educational inequalities. Second, we review the existing literature on arts education and project-based learning. We then describe in more detail the program implemented at the National Opera of Paris since 1991. We finally present our data, our methods, our hypotheses and our results, followed by a discussion on their implications and significance.

The more it changes the more it stays the same: The French social space of material consumption between 1985 and 2017

Maël Ginsburger

The British Journal of Sociology, First published: 19 July 2022 - Open Access paper
(https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12970)

The alleged homogenization of material consumption patterns in Western societies in the end of the twentieth century has been a central argument of scholars who predicted a general flattening of class inequalities. However, divisions in material consumption practices and their evolution have largely been neglected in studies of the social stratification of lifestyles.

Drawing on six waves of the French Households Budget Surveys (INSEE) from 1985 to 2017 and Geometric Data Analysis, this article shows that the two main structuring oppositions in the French space of material consumption remained unchanged over 32 years.
A total of 28 categorical variables were computed, referring to consumption practices, habits and material possessions in five different areas: food consumption and supply; electric and electronic devices; home energy consumption; clothing; and transportation.

Two divides are strongly but not exclusively associated with social class.
 - The first persistently opposes integration with and exclusion from mass consumption.
 - The second opposes connected and autonomous consumption styles.
However, between 1989 and 2011, the practices associated with these divides have changed and households have experienced a major shift in their position toward the most integrated and connected poles.

The divide between connected and autonomous consumption styles reflects a strong opposition in terms of professions (between managers and farmers/industrial workers), but also in terms of cultural capital.

This study paves the way for comparisons to assess the permanence of those two polarities in material consumption—not only across periods, but also in different countries.

These job talks follow the Full Professor position published in March 2022 (Professeur des Universités).

Venue: Sciences Po, 1 place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin, 75007 Paris, Room B-103.

Date: Tuesday, July 12th 2022

Schedule:

• 10:00 am - Lidia Panico, Chargée de recherche, INED
  How birth health matters for subsquent child inequalities

• 11:15 am - Merlin Schaeffer, Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen
  Do Right-Wing Governors Promote Informal Healthcare Chauvinism? Ethnic Discrimination in Access to Basic Healthcare in Italy

The time is shared between presentation (40 min.) and Q&A (20 min.).

Registration is mandatory !

Sciences Po is recruiting an Associate / Full Professor at the OSC - Observatoire Sociologique du Changement. Position starting on October 1st, 2022.

This professorship position is designed to reinforce and complement our expertise in the study of environmental inequality. We welcome applications from candidates with an excellent publication record in leading social science journals capable of stimulating new expertise on environmental inequality within Sciences Po.
We particularly value candidates with an ambitious research agenda on global economic and environmental inequality using large-scale worldwide data.

This position is for a senior scholar (Rang A) and only candidates with an Habilitation or with a current position at least equivalent to associate professor are eligible.

The successful candidate will fully become a member of the Observatoire sociologique du changement. He.She is expected to play an active role in OSC’s collective activity: seminars, academic events, participation in research networks. He.She should also engage in responding to national and international calls to fund research projects. He.She is also supposed to supervise master and PhD students. The selected candidate will also be welcome to participate to AIRE, the Sciences Po Interdisciplinary Research Program on the Environment.

The successful candidate will teach a class on environmental approaches in the social sciences (undergraduate level) and may also teach on global and environmental inequality (graduate level).
Teaching load: 3 courses with 24 contact hours each per year, 56 hours per year of other academic duties.

Applications are due by [Extended deadline] July 10th.

Submissions must include:
● CV with a list of publications
● Motivation letter
● Research Statement (2 pages)
● Short Teaching statement (1 page)
● 2 significant publications chosen by the candidate
● The name of two academic referees

Please read the full Job description and the complete requirements (pdf, 172 ko).
Contact:  Carlo Barone carlo.barone@sciencespo.fr, Chair of the recruitment committee
or Administrative contact Marie Ferrazzini marie.ferrazzini@sciencespo.fr, Secrétaire générale de l’OSC.

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 10th June 2022, 11:30 am
OSC meeting room (1, Place Saint-Thomas)

From Diversity to Mixing?
Socioeconomic Homophily in French Desegregated Middle Schools

Timothée Chabot

PhD European University Institute, Post-doc INED (ELVIS Project)

À quel point l’origine sociale des élèves de collège structure-t-elle leurs relations les uns avec les autres ? Pour répondre à cette question, une cohorte d’environ 800 collégien·nes français·es a été suivie pendant trois ans, dans quatre établissements socialement mixtes. L’analyse de leurs réseaux de relations, notamment via les méthodes de la statistique de réseaux, permet de mieux comprendre les causes de l’homophilie sociale entre élèves, c’est-à-dire de la tendance à la ségrégation sociale des amitiés.

Socioeconomic mixing at school is often considered to be a desirable objective, as it would reduce academic inequalities and help pacify inter-group relations.
Does spatial diversity imply relational mixing, or do students keep interacting with socioeconomically similar peers even in formally desegregated contexts? This raises the question of homophily, the principle by which relationships occur at a higher rate among similar individuals.
I study socioeconomic homophily among a cohort of 800 middle school students in four schools in France, followed during three years.
Based on the statistical analysis of students’ friendship networks and on qualitative interviews, I examine the magnitude of this homophily, and try to disentangle the relational processes through which it emerges.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks! 

Who took care of what?
The gender division of unpaid work during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in France

Marta Pasqualini, Marta Dominguez-Folgueras, Emanuele Ferragina
Olivier Godechot, Ettore Recchi, Mirna Safi

Demographic Research, vol. 46, art. 34, p. 1007-1036
24 May 2022, doi 10.4054/DemRes.2022.46.34
This paper is available in open access

France was one of the first countries implementing lockdown measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Since families spent more time at home, household and care workloads increased significantly. However, existing findings are mixed in terms of whether this situation contributed to a more gender-egalitarian division of unpaid work.

This paper explores the division of domestic work within couples across two different COVID-19 lockdowns and compares them to the out-of-lockdown period in France. We use the theoretical lenses of time availability, relative resources, and ‘doing gender’ to make sense of these changes.

The longitudinal analyses rely on an original panel study we collected in France between April 2020 and April 2021.We employ the different types of restrictions to mobility and social life imposed during the first year of the pandemic as a contextual background, within which we measure the main drivers of change in the division of unpaid work within couples. We use individual fixed effect regression models to estimate changes in men’s share of unpaid work by time, changes in work conditions, partners’ educational gaps, and types of domestic tasks.

Another data and analysis are available within the CoCo Project (Coping with Covid-19: Social distancing, cohesion and inequality in 2020 France) - Data produced by the CDSP via the ELIPSS Panel (8 waves) are described in the Sciences Po data repository: https://data.sciencespo.fr/dataverse/elipss 

The Subjective Cost of Young Children: A European Comparison

Sonja Spitzer, Angela Greulich, Bernhard Hammer

Social Indicators Research, First Published 15 May 2022

Paper in open access via Springer Link - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02942-5

The researchers have investigated how the birth of a child affects the objective and subjective economic situation of young parents in Europe. They mobilize longitudinal data from the European Union’s Statistics of Income and Living Conditions, covering the time period 2004 to 2019 for 30 European countries.

Does the work and income situation for young parents differ between European countries?
They study the career break: is it and to what extend primarily reserved for mothers?
Is it the case in every European country that parental leave massively harms women in their working life, while fathers have no losses?

Results show that newborns decrease subjective economic well-being in all regions, yet with economies of scale for the number of children. The substantial labour income losses of mothers explain only a small part of subjective child costs. The initial drop in subjective economic well-being observed shortly after childbirth is caused by increased expenses due to the birth of a child and other drivers such as stress.

The study finds that everywhere in Europe, mothers take longer breaks from work than fathers – particularly in the German-speaking countries.

The authors observe that despite a decline in labor market income for mothers after childbirth, the household income of many couples remains relatively constant across all regions in the short term. This is, firstly, because – on average – a lot is offset by public subsidies, such as lump-sum benefits and leave payments. Secondly, the labor incomes of many fathers are observed to increase slightly after the birth of a child in many European countries regions.

LIEPP' Discriminations and category-based policies and OSC are glad to invite you to the seminar: 

Do Audit Experiments Reflect Applicant Behavior? Cautions for Calculations of Probabilities of Success

May 20th, 11:30 am - 1:00 pm

Location: Room K008, 1 place Saint Thomas d'Aquin, Paris

Mandatory registration here

Speaker: Mike Vuolo, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at The Ohio State University and Editor-in-Chief of Sociological Methodology, the official methods journal of the American Sociological Association. His research interests include law, crime, and deviance; health; employment; substance use; the life course; and statistics and methodology.

Abstract: Audit and correspondence studies have flourished in sociology and related disciplines. By sending actual applications that differ only by particular treatments, this method allows researchers to tap into discrimination by decision-makers such as employers, landlords, and schools that surveys and qualitative interviews are unlikely to reveal, with the strong internal validity of an experiment. However, the applicant is assumed to apply to all available openings for which they are qualified, and the probability of success represents an estimate at the unit level rather than that of the applicant.
This presentation uses two studies in progress to consider these two assumptions.
First, I present the results of an experiment and qualitative interviews with individuals with criminal records regarding whether they apply for jobs based on inquiries regarding records appearing on job applications. We find that when applications have criminal record questions or warnings of a criminal background check, applicants are less likely to apply for a position and that the reasoning behind such self-selection differs by race and gender. In other words, applicants do not apply to all positions as audits typically assume.
Second, I demonstrate via the binomial distribution that unit-level probabilities do not accurately reflect real world applicant chance of success. For most studies of the labor market, they underrepresent the effects of discrimination and do not consider the degree of choice in jobs that applicants of differing treatments attain. For studies of other units such as housing and schools, the unit-level probabilities that note discrimination are of relatively little consequence for real-world applicants. Both studies necessitate a new focus on applicants within audit experiments, with a consideration of both self-selection into applying and applicant-level probabilities of success.

Filières du baccalauréat et emploi à la fin des études : contribution des parcours scolaires et analyse des écarts entre femmes et hommes

Estelle Herbaut, Carlo Barone et Louis-André Vallet

Economie et Statistique, n° 530-31, 2022, p 65-86.

Cet article est librement consultable en ligne sur le site de l'INSEE. [English version is also available]

Quelles sont les conséquences de la filière suivie au lycée sur l’insertion professionnelle des bacheliers ?
Les auteurs exploitent un panel de 17000 élèves du second degré entrés en sixième en 1995 et une enquête sur le début de la carrière professionnelle, marquant l’entrée dans la vie adulte, menée entre 2005 et 2012. Ils analysent et mettent en lien les caractéristiques sociodémographiques de chaque élève, le choix d'orientation, la performance scolaire, le diplôme obtenu, la date du premier emploi, sa catégorie professionnelle, le salaire...

La méthodologie et la richesse des données permet de prendre en compte la diversité des étudiants dans chaque filière et de suivre des trajectoires, y compris lorsque la scolarité est interrompue.

Les résultats soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte toutes les caractéristiques des élèves avant l’orientation. Il existe une dynamique complexe entre les compétences scolaires et les niveaux de diplômes qui tend à masquer en partie les inégalités professionnelles entre femmes et hommes en début de carrière, tandis que la filière du baccalauréat tend à les expliquer.

La première partie de l'article propose une revue de littérature sur le lien entre filières de baccalauréat et insertion professionnelle, via les mécanismes et choix d'orientation.   

LIEPP's Educational Policies research group and OSC are glad to invite you to the seminar: 

Firms and the Intergenerational Transmission of Labor Market Advantage

Friday April 15th, 11h30-13h00 (CET)
Location: Room K008, Sciences Po, 1 place Saint Thomas d'Aquin, 75007
Mandatory registration 

During this seminar, Per Engzell (Research Fellow in Sociology, postdoctoral Researcher in the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford and visiting professor at LIEPP from March to April 2022) will present his recent paper with Nathan Wilmers (MIT Sloan).

 To find out more:  http://perengzell.com/ - https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/mv3e9/ (Paper)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 8th April 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, 1 St-Thomas, Room A201 & Online via Zoom

A feel for the game?
A contribution to the analysis of social stratification through higher education

Yann Renisio & Emil Bertilsson

 Associate Scientist, CNRS, Sciences Po - OSC & Senior Lecturer, Uppsala University   

Higher education plays a major role in the social stratification of contemporary western societies. Studies of this influence, generally compare properties of upper secondary graduates who enter higher education with those who do not enter (binary stratification), or, among those who enter, between short term vs long term programs (vertical stratification) or, among those who enter programs with the same duration, between the fields of these programs (horizontal stratification).

We propose three improvements in this research design, using Swedish register-data. First, we recalculate the actual space of reachable programs for all upper-secondary graduates, meaning that we can predict with very high accuracy which programs a given individual could have, or could have not, entered into if she had applied to them. Second, we construct a continuous characterization of programs based on a synthetic measure of their social outcomes (conjunction of average level of study, median income, and rate of upper-class occupations among accepted students to these programs, 10 years after their entrance).

By doing so, rather than relying only on the level and field of programs, we get a better approximation of the relation between higher education stratification and social stratification.

Finally, we decompose the process of entering a program in higher education as a succession of constrained practices, that is, first, the possibility to enter higher education, second, the practice of applying to higher education given the objective chances of success, third, the fact that these applications are oriented towards at least one reachable program, fourth, the fact of registering to this program once accepted to it, and finally, the relative position of this program in terms of outcomes, compared with all the other reachable programs.

We focus on the respective and cumulative influence of gender and level of education of parents on each of these steps.

Registration is mandatory. Thanks! (Zoom users: the link for the videoconference will be sent one day before)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 1st April 2022, 11:30 am
Sciences Po, 1 St-Thomas, Room K008

Downward mobility and radical right gender gap vote

Alexis Baudour

 PhD Student, Sciences Po - MaxPo/OSC

This talk explores the link between inter-generational status decline and right-wing populist vote. We found a strong association between subjective status decline and populist vote for men but not for women.
We consider three hypotheses to explain this disparity.
 First, status anxiety and feeling to not get their ”fair share” for men would be associated with bitterness against women and minorities.
 Second, downward mobile women would be more feminist and therefore less likely to support right-wing populism. 
 Lastly, downward mobile men have a higher perception of external locus of control, and this would impact their political inclinations. Our data supports only this last hypothesis.
These results shed some light on the puzzle of the gender gap vote.

Registration is mandatory 

To find out more:

See the webpage of Alexis Baudour http://www.maxpo.eu/center-staff-doctoralfellow-baudour.asp

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 18th March 2022, 11:30 am
Room K008 (1 St Thomas) and Online via Zoom

Partisan proximity and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19

Jeremy K. Ward & Sébastien Cortaredona

INSERM, CERMES 3 - IRD, Vitrome

For the past five years, increasing attention has been devoted to the relationship between political identities and attitudes to science and scientific issues. Vaccination has been one of the most studied cases. In the USA, most studies have found signitficant differences between Republicans and Democrats, the former being much more vaccine hesitant than the latter. In this litterature dominated by social and cognitive psychologists, the main explanation of these differences draws on the concepts of partisan cue and motivated reasoning.

Here, we will show the merits and limits of this form of explanation by analysing the political differences in intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in France. We do so by drawing on a dataset of 34 crossectional online surveys conducted between march 2020 and june 2021 among representative samples of the French adult population (n=38 416).

Registration is mandatory (for Zoom users, the link for the videoconference will be sent one day before)

To find out more:
- Aurélie Bosquet et al., « L’hésitation vaccinale en France. Prévalence et variation selon le statut socio-économique des parents », Med Sci, vol. 36, n° 5, p. 461-464, 2020.
- Jeremy K. Ward et al., "The French public's attitudes to a future COVID-19 vaccine: The politicization of a public health issue", Soc Sci Med, 265:113414, 2020.
- Florian Cafiero, Paul Guille-Escuret, Jeremy K. Ward, “'I’m not an antivaxxer, but…': Spurious and authentic diversity among vaccine critical activists", Social Networks, 65, 2020.
- The Coconel Group, "A future vaccination campaign against COVID-19 at risk of vaccine hesitancy and politicisation", The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 20, n° 7, p. 769-770, July 2020.

Family demographic processes and in-work poverty: A systematic review

Antonino Polizzia, Emanuela Struffolino, Zachary Van Winkle

Advances in Life Course Research, vol. 52, June 2022, 100462
Paper available on ScienceDirect portal
Paper also available in Preprint version (SocArXiv)

The presence of working poor individuals – employed individuals who live in households with incomes below the poverty threshold – represents a worrisome phenomenon in advanced democracies that can engender social exclusion.  Individuals in in-work poverty constitute a sizeable group in rich countries, with the share of employed people at risk of poverty in the EU approaching 10% before the COVID-19 pandemic.

A comprehensive and critical review on how family demographic processes shape in-work poverty risks is still missing.
In this systematic review, made with 84 analyses extracted from 30 studies, we first provide a quantitative review of results from analyses that estimated the association between in-work poverty and parental home leaving, union formation, marriage, parenthood, and dissolution of non-marital and marital unions. This allows us to formulate tentative conclusions about whether and in which direction family demographic processes are associated with in-work poverty. Second, we discuss in detail conceptual and methodological advances in in-work poverty research, such as longitudinal analytical designs or attempts to make in-work poverty research more sensitive to policy context, gender, and the life course. Our review highlights theoretical and methodological challenges for future studies linking in-work poverty and family demography.

Some findings: Roughly 80 percent of analyses reported the risk of in-work poverty increased with children. 60 percent of analyses indicated that being in a union decreased this risk. The majority of the few studies considering union dissolution indicated that it increased the in-work poverty risk.

Fig.2 - Total number of analyses selected for the quantitative review by family demographic process: direction and significance of associations

Sciences Po recrute un.e Professeur.e des universités en sociologie (section 19 du CNU), à plein temps, qui sera affilié.e à l’Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC) et au Département de sociologie. Prise de fonction le 1er janvier 2023.

Nous apprécierons les candidatures présentant un excellent dossier de publications dans les revues centrales de la sociologie et un programme de recherche ambitieux dans le domaine de la stratification sociale, indépendamment de leur expertise méthodologique. Nous accorderons une importance particulière aux candidat.e.s capables de stimuler de nouveaux domaines de recherche à l’OSC sur les inégalités de santé.

La personne recrutée conduira son programme de recherche à l’OSC. Elle participera activement aux activités collectives du centre, aux réseaux de recherche et répondra à des appels nationaux ou internationaux pour obtenir des financements.

La personne recrutée enseignera - en français ou en anglais - aux élèves du premier cycle de Sciences Po (Collège universitaire à Paris et dans les campus en région) et participera à la formation et à la supervision des élèves du programme de sociologie (master et doctorat).

La procédure de recrutement implique un dépôt de candidature sur le portail Galaxie du Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation jusqu'au 29 avril 2022 à 16h (référence du poste : 4128).

• Consultez le profil du poste et la procédure pour y répondre (français, pdf, 375 ko)
• See the job description and the recruitment procedure (English, pdf, 180 ko)

Sciences Po is recruiting an associate or full professor of Sociology at the OSC - Observatoire Sociologique du Changement. Position starting on January 1st, 2023.

We welcome applications from candidates with an excellent publication record in leading journals of sociology and with an ambitious research agenda in the area of social stratification regardless of their methodological expertise. We particularly value applicants capable of stimulating new research areas on health inequality at OSC.

The successful candidate will become a full member of the Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC). He / She is expected to play an active role in OSC’s collective activities and research networks. He / She will respond to national and international calls to fund research projects.

The successful candidate will teach - in English or French - in Sciences Po’s undergraduate and graduate programs (Collège universitaire in Paris and in other campuses), and will contribute to training and supervision in the graduate program in sociology (Master’s and PhD).

Applicants must complete their application on the "Galaxy" portal (French Ministry of Higher Education and Research) until the 29th of April, 4 pm (ref. 4128).

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Vendredi 25 février 2022, 11:30
Conférence en ligne via Zoom

Expliquer les inégalités de classe et de genre
dans la prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux

Muriel Darmon

Directrice de recherche CNRS
Centre Européen de Sociologie et de Science Politique (EHESS)

Discutantes : Émilie Grisez et Rébecca Lévy-Guillain (Sciences Po - OSC et INED)

À propos de son ouvrage « Réparer les cerveaux. Sociologie des pertes et des récupérations post-AVC », Éditions La Découverte, 2021. Cet ouvrage est aussi consultable en ligne sur Cairn. 

Les suites des AVC et notamment les récupérations de compétences ou d’habiletés perdues semblent marquées par des inégalités de classe et de genre importantes, et ce même à gravité de la lésion ou type de prise en charge comparables.
Mon intervention présentera quelques explications qui peuvent en être données à partir d’une approche sociologique. J’examinerai notamment les valeurs socialement attribuées aux pertes et aux récupérations qui font suite à l’AVC, qui peuvent rendre compte des moins bonnes récupérations pour les femmes, ainsi que la « forme scolaire » de l’hôpital, qui permet de mettre en lumière l’existence de déterminismes sociaux de classe de la récupération neurologique.
Cette intervention visera également à montrer l’apport et la robustesse des approches qualitatives (et en particulier des ethnographies hospitalières) dans la recherche d’explications aux inégalités sociales de santé observées statistiquement.

Inscription obligatoire (le lien vers la conférence vous sera envoyé la veille)

Pour en savoir plus : Page au CESSP

Quand on demande à un neurologue si les séquelles d’un AVC sont les mêmes pour tout le monde, il peut répondre par exemple : "Tout dépend de la vitesse d’intervention (...) de l’état du cerveau (...) et de la qualité de la rééducation." Faire intervenir la sociologie consiste à se donner les moyens d’apporter encore d’autres réponses à cette même question, en soulignant que les séquelles, à gravité équivalente de la lésion, ne seront pas les mêmes si le patient est un homme ou une femme, un ouvrier ou un cadre supérieur, une personne dont les récupérations ont une grande ou une moindre valeur pour les professionnels, si la compétence perdue a une grande ou une moindre valeur pour le patient, si l’AVC a laissé intact chez lui un rapport aisé ou difficile aux modes scolaires d’apprentissage, et beaucoup d’autres éléments encore qui seront révélés au fil des chapitres de ce livre, qui cherche précisément à identifier les processus sociaux par lesquels les différences et inégalités dans les issues biologiques et neurologiques de l’AVC s’établissent. L’AVC et ses séquelles ne sont pas seulement une question de cerveau, ou plutôt, tout n’est pas neuronal dans le cerveau : ce qui s’y joue est déterminé, construit et reconstruit par les structures sociales qui lui sont extérieures.

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 18th February 2022, 11:30 am
Online conference via Zoom

Gendered contexts?
The effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation
on girls' and boys' cognitive and non-cognitive development

Laura Silva

PhD Student, Sciences Po
CREST Affiliated Member

Does socio-economic deprivation of adolescents' residential neighbourhoods affect their cognitive and non-cognitive development? Leveraging data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) in the UK, this study investigates this question focusing on gender differences.
By exploiting the quasi-exogenous social housing allocation procedures in the UK, I aim to limit issues related to the endogeneity of neighbourhood selection.

Results show that living in more deprived areas has overall a negative effect on cognitive and non-cognitive development. However, neighbourhood deprivation negatively affects girls’, as compared to boys’, cognitive skills, academic motivation and employability skills, while no significant gender difference is detected for problem behaviour. On the one hand, these findings highlight the importance of taking gender into account in neighbourhood studies and, on the other hand, they suggest that the availability of support within the local area and the quality of institutions should be considered as relevant theoretical mechanisms to understand the role of neighbourhoods on different spheres of adolescents development.

Registration is mandatory (the link for the videoconference will be sent one day before)

To find out more: Profile Page (OSC)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 4th February 2022, 11:30 am
Online conference via Zoom

What do fathers use their leave for?
Exploring the diversity of uses and non-uses of paternity leave in France

Alix Sponton

PhD Student, Sciences Po - OSC & INED

Between 2002 and 2021, French fathers could take up to 14 days of paid leave until the baby turns four month old. From the institutional perspective, the main aim of this public policy was to guarantee a more balanced division of childcare between parents. But from fathers’ point of view, what is the purpose of paternity leave? And how to understand that some eligible fathers make no use of it?

Based on longitudinal interviews with fathers before and after the birth, I adopt an approach of reception to explore the diverse uses and non-uses fathers can make of French paternity leave. The presentation gives particular attention to when and why fathers decided to use their leave (just after the birth to help their partner recovering, during a holiday period so they can visit family, etc.) Results highlight how paternity leave is articulated with alternative options available to fathers (for instance, informally “extended” by regular leave or “replaced” by a business interruption in the case of self-employed workers).

This presentation encourages to consider not only the leave take-up but also the myriad of usages that can be made of the same public policy. Better understanding what the leave can do to fathers thus necessitate to first look at what fathers do to the leave.

Registration is mandatory (the link for the videoconference will be sent one day before)

To find out more: Profile Page (OSC)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 21st January 2022, 11:30 am
Online conference via Zoom

Immigrants' Descendants' Wages:
An overlooked dimension of Ethno-racial Inequalities in France

Mathieu Ichou

Tenured researcher at INED (the French Institute for Demographic Studies)
Co-head of the International Migrations and Minorities (MIM)

Research on the labor market situation of descendants of immigrants in France has highlighted the strong ethno-racial inequalities in access to employment at the expense of descendants of non-European immigrants. Yet, very few studies have focused specifically on ethno-racial gaps in wages and those that did have mostly concluded that these inequalities are negligible.

In this paper, write with Ugo Palheta, we revisit the analysis of ethno-racial wage inequalities in France. To do so, we compile 14 years of the French Labor Force Survey (from 2005 to 2018).

Our results contradict the dominant consensus: ethno-racial wage gaps appear to be strong, especially when urban and regional differences are taken into account, and the intersectional nature of these inequalities is analyzed.

Registration is mandatory (the link for the videoconference will be sent one day before)

To find out more: Profile Page - CV

Property, Custom, and Religion in Early Nineteenth-Century Bombay

Sukriti Issar

Analysis of a novel source of data about early nineteenth-century Bombay, with a novel methodology, makes an important contribution to debates about inter-religious contact in South Asia.

After the fire of 1803 in Bombay, landowners were asked to lease or sell their lands to people. Bombay’s register of sales deeds, which lists the names of buyers, sellers, and neighbors, also permits identification of their religious affiliations when supplemented with archival information about the bureaucratic practices affecting property transactions. Findings suggest that property transactions within religious groups comprised most of the sales (60 percent). Contemporary petitions show that residents sometimes appealed to the state to prevent the sale of property to people who did not share their religion.

Many diverse examples illustrate how religion and urban space intersected in early nineteenth-century colonial Bombay. Landowners attempted to control the religious composition of the groups that were renting their land or buying their neighbors’ land. Given the right of first refusal, and other instances of attempts to sell or rent property only to co-religionists, property transactions are ready terrain for analyzing inter-religious contact.

Bringing Underprivileged Middle-School Students to the Opera: Cultural Mobility or Cultural Compliance?

Philippe Coulangeon (CNRS Senior Researcher, Sciences Po - OSC) & Denis Fougère (CNRS Senior Researcher, Sciences Po - OSC & LIEPP)

IZA, Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series, n° 14910, december 2021, 32 p.

This article assesses the impact of a two-year long project-based learning program conducted by the National Opera of Paris in a large number of junior high-schools located in underprivileged areas, aiming at preventing school dropout and tackling educational inequalities by providing disadvantaged students with the opportunity to discover the world of opera.

Taking a counterfactual approach (propensity score matching), we measure the impact of participation in the program on final exam and continuous assessment grades.

The analysis displays mixed results: a significant and positive impact for the students who participate in the program for its whole duration (two years), at least for continuous assessment scores, but a negative impact for those who leave the program after only one year. The contrast between the effects of full and partial participation in the program suggests that these may be primarily due to a selection effect in favor of the most culturally and socially compliant students, in line with Bourdieu’s and Passeron’s reproduction theory (1997 [1970]) rather than a mobility effect (DiMaggio, 1982) resulting from the transfer of cultural capital to disadvantaged students.

Download here the working paper (pdf, 907 ko)

Handicap et destinées sociales

Une enquête par méthodes mixtes

Célia BOUCHET
Observatoire sociologique du changement (CNRS UMR 7049) et Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d’évaluation des politiques publiques

Soutenance de thèse à l'École de la recherche, Sciences Po, dans le cadre du Programme doctoral de sociologie, mardi 4 janvier 2022 (en ligne, via Zoom).

Thèse dirigée par Anne REVILLARD, Associate Professor, Sciences Po - OSC et LIEPP et Philippe COULANGEON, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sciences Po - OSC.

Membres du jury :
Emmanuelle CAMBOIS, Directrice de recherche, INED
Philippe COULANGEON, Directeur de recherche CNRS, Sciences Po, OSC (codirecteur)
François DUBET, Professeur des universités émérite, Université de Bordeaux ; Directeur d’études, EHESS (rapporteur)
Serge EBERSOLD, Professeur des universités, CNAM (rapporteur)
Sophie MITRA, Professor, Fordham University
Anne REVILLARD, Associate Professor, Sciences Po (codirectrice)

Alors que, au reflet de préoccupations contemporaines, des travaux sociologiques se développent sur les inégalités « entre » groupes sociaux, les différences de parcours liées au handicap sont encore peu documentées. Cette thèse examine les différenciations verticales (inégalités) et horizontales (divisions sans hiérarchies) entre personnes valides et personnes ayant grandi avec des limitations durables vivant en ménage en France métropolitaine.
Nous combinons une exploitation de l’Enquête Emploi en Continu 2011 et de son module ad-hoc avec une analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs menés avec 37 personnes, dont 20 ayant grandi avec une déficience visuelle et 17 ayant grandi avec des troubles cognitifs spécifiques.

Le handicap façonne les parcours des personnes interrogées à travers trois dynamiques : des assignations (perceptions et traitements par autrui), des auto-identifications (représentations et pratiques des personnes elles-mêmes) et des contraintes liées aux limitations durables (impératifs temporels,  restriction des possibles…). Ces dynamiques agissent aussi sur les représentations par les personnes de leurs positions, entre repérages de certaines dévalorisations quotidiennes et biais favorables dans l’auto-évaluation de leur réussite. Des approfondissements relatifs à la scolarité, à l’emploi et à la vie familiale nous apprennent que le handicap coconstruit avec l’origine sociale, le genre, la migration et la race des inégalités au détriment de plusieurs sous-populations handicapées : moindres niveaux d’études, freins à l’emploi et en emploi, obstacles à la conjugalité et à la parentalité… Des divisions horizontales singulières existent également entre personnes valides et personnes perçues par autrui ou s’auto-identifiant comme handicapées, comme des spécialisations scolaires et professionnelles et des appariements conjugaux atypiques.

While sociological research on inequalities "between" social groups is developing in response to contemporary concerns, disability-related differences in life courses are still poorly documented.
This thesis examines differentiations between able-bodied people and people who have grown up with long-term limitations living in households in metropolitan France, in their vertical (inequalities) and horizontal (divisions without hierarchies) components.
We combine an exploitation of the 2011 Continuous Employment Survey and its ad-hoc module with an analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with 37 people, 20 of whom have grown up with a visual impairment and 17 of whom have grown up with specific learning disorders.

Disability shapes the paths of the interviewees through three dynamics: assignments (perceptions and treatments by others), self-identifications (representations and practices of the people themselves) and constraints linked to long-term limitations (time requirements, reduced scope of possibilities...). These dynamics also influence people's representations of their positions, from the identification of a number of daily devaluations to favorable biases in the self-evaluation of their success. Further  investigation on schooling, employment and family life teaches us that disability co-constructs inequalities with social origin, gender, migration and race, to the detriment  of several disabled sub-populations: lower levels of education, barriers to employment and in employment, restricted access to conjugality and parenthood... Specific horizontal divisions also exist between able-bodied people and people perceived by others or self-identifying as disabled, such as educational and occupational specializations and atypical conjugal pairings.

Pour des raisons de sécurité, les soutenances (Thèses & HDR) sont réservées aux personnes invitées et aux publics internes de Sciences Po.

POUR EN SAVOIR PLUS

Page de présentation de Célia Bouchet (Homepage)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 17th December 2021, 11:30 am / 1 pm
Available on Zoom Videoconference

Teaching Introduction to Sociology

Frank van Tubergen

Full Professor of Sociology
Utrecht University & the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute

 

In this talk, I’ll present my textbook Introduction to Sociology (Routledge, 2020). I’ll give an overview of the aims, content, and pedagogical features of the book. I’ll present the companion website, which provides free teaching materials for ever chapter for both instructors and students. Furthermore, I’ll illustrate how to design the Intro to Sociology course using this textbook.   

Frank van Tubergen is full Professor of Sociology at Utrecht University and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI). His research interests include immigration and integration, social networks, and religion. He co-coordinated the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study in Four European Countries (CILS4EU). Van Tubergen’s research has been published in journals such as American Sociological Review, European Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, and Demography. Van Tubergen is an elected fellow of the European Academy of Sociology. To find more about Frank van Tubergen

Registration is mandatory (Zoom users: the link will be sent one day before)

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 26th November 2021, 11:30 am / 1 pm
Annick Percheron room (Internal audience)

The temporal dimension of parental employment: Fixed-term contracts, non-standard work schedules and children’s education in Germany

Bastian Betthäuser

Assistant Professor, Sciences Po - OSC

While the rise of non-standard employment and its consequences for people in such forms of employment are well documented, there is little evidence (1) on how common non-standard employment is in households with children and (2) on the extent to which the adverse consequences of non-standard employment for parents are further transmitted to their children. We address both these questions, leveraging the large sample and rich information collected by the German Microcensus.
Our findings suggest that the temporal dimension of parental employment is key to understanding how changing labor markets reshape the opportunity structure for children from disadvantaged parental backgrounds and the intergenerational transmission of inequality.

Registration is mandatory.

TO FIND OUT MORE

• Bastian's homepage
• Paper, with Nhat An Trinh and Anette E. Fasang (SocArXiv)

Dans l'objectif de préparer le concours chercheurs et chercheuses (CR) du CNRS 2022 dont la campagne débutera en fin d'année, les candidat·e·s peuvent bénéficier du soutien de l'Observatoire sociologique du changement - UMR 7049.

L’OSC est un centre de recherche en sociologie associant Sciences Po et le CNRS (sections 36 et 40), rattaché au Département de sociologie de Sciences Po. L’ OSC développe une recherche de pointe sur la stratification et les  inégalités sociales.

Son programme de recherche poursuit 3 objectifs :
- mesurer et comparer l'évolution des inégalités sociales dans les sociétés contemporaines
- analyser les mécanismes des inégalités sociales à plusieurs niveaux
- contribuer à l’analyse des politiques publiques.

Les travaux des chercheurs et des chercheuses de l’OSC couvrent une diversité de domaines : le genre, l'origine, le milieu social, l'éducation, la ségrégation urbaine, la famille, le rôle de l'état et ses politiques sociales, les mobilités et les migrations, les pratiques culturelles, les usages du numérique, l'environnement, le marché du travail.
L’ancrage dans une sociologie empirique, l'ouverture interdisciplinaire, la rigueur théorique et méthodologique, le respect de l'autonomie des personnels académiques constituent les piliers de sa politique scientifique.
L'OSC se distingue par son engagement dans la formation à la recherche en poursuivant depuis sa création un même objectif  : former des sociologues de haut niveau, en phase avec les développements théoriques et méthodologiques les plus récents de la discipline.

Les candidat·e·s sont invité·e·s à prendre rendez-vous avant le 30 novembre avec la directrice de l'unité, Mirna Safi (mirna.safi@sciencespo.fr), avec en copie la Secrétaire générale (marie.ferrazzini@sciencespo.fr) en joignant un CV et un descriptif de leur projet de recherche.
Le Conseil du laboratoire statuera sur les demandes. Une présentation orale pourra être programmée.

L'unité sera particulièrement sensible aux projets traitant des inégalités environnementales et de santé.

 Mothering While Black: Raising African American Boys and Girls and Confronting Gendered Racism

Dawn M. Dow

Associate Professor, University of Maryland

Friday 12th November, 2:30 pm - 4 pm (OSC location for internal audience or online via Zoom)

Recent events have underscored the harsh and, at times, tragic consequences of gendered racism-racial discrimination that varies based on gender- for African American children in the U.S. How do African American middle-class mothers address these challenges?

Through in-depth interviews with African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers, Dr. Dow will discuss how gendered racism influences these mothers' concerns for their sons and daughters and how it influences how they approach parenting their children. Dr. Dow describes how for their sons, mothers were principally concerned with preventing perceptions of them as criminals or "thugs" and protecting their physical safety. By contrast, mothers were principally concerned with protecting and building their daughters' self-esteem and self-value. Mothers used different strategies to help their sons and daughters navigate these challenges.

These mothers' experiences illuminate how they prepare their children for the different societal reception they believe their sons and daughters will encounter and shed light on the work needed to build racial empathy and understanding in the contemporary era.

Dr. Dawn M. Dow is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park, a Faculty Associate in the Maryland Population Research Center, the deputy editor for the Journal of Marriage and Family, and an editorial board member of Contexts.
From 2019-2021 she served as the faculty director of the Critical Race Initiative. Dr. Dow received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of California, Berkeley, and earned a J.D. from Columbia University, School of Law.
Her research examines intersections of race, class, and gender within the context of the family, educational settings, the workplace, the law, and political mobilization.
She is the author of the award-winning book Mothering While Black: Boundaries and Burdens of Middle-Class Parenthood (2019), published by the University of California Press. Dr. Dow's work has appeared in journals including Gender & Society, Journal of Marriage and Family, Sociology of Race & Ethnicity, Science Advances, and Mobilization.

Registration is compulsory. Thank you.

OSC joint Scientific Seminar with Sciences Po, Department of Sociology

Friday 19th November 2021, 12:30 pm - 2:30 pm
(Hybrid meeting, location 98 rue de l'Université, Paris 7^e, for internal audience and online via Zoom)

The RECORDS project - Revisiting the sociology of taste in the age of big data

Philippe Coulangeon

CNRS Senior Researcher, Sciences Po - OSC

with project partners : Thomas Louail (UMR Géographie-cités, scientific coordinator), Robin Cura (UMR Géographie-cités), Jean-Samuel Beuscart (Orange Labs), Samuel Coavoux (LSQ-CREST), Camille Roth (Centre Marc Bloch), Yann Renisio (OSC), Amélie Beaumont (OSC)

What does streaming do to our music listening? What do the big data collected by the platforms say about our listening behaviors and tastes? How are content consumption and listening practices evolving in an era of abundant supply and recommendation? Does hyperchoice give rise to very dissimilar individual paths? Do platforms essentially favor listening to accompany daily activities, organized by playlists? Do digital traces allow us to revisit the models and theories of the sociology of cultural practices?

The RECORDS project proposes to combine survey and big data to study these questions from an empirical material of unprecedented diversity and scope. It is based on an original partnership between social sciences and digital sciences researchers, and one of the major companies in music distribution in France (Deezer).

In addition to a general presentation of the main research axes of this project, the presentation will give an overview of its first results.

Registration is mandatory (for Zoom users the link will be sent one day before)

More information here about the project and the team (Thomas Louail, UMR 8504 Géographie-cités),

OSC Scientific Seminar 2021-2022

Friday 15th October 2021, 11 am / 12 pm (register link)

Genetic Influences on Educational Attainment across 20th Century Birth Cohorts:
the Role of Parental Separation and Death in the United States

Tina Baier

University of Oslo

Whether environmental conditions provided by parents affect children’s chances to reach their genetic potential for education remains an open question. Previous research mainly considers parents’ socio-economic standing and overlooks a key dimension of social stratification: childhood family structure.
We address this gap by asking three research questions:

- does parental separation lower genetic influences on education,
- are there birth cohort differences, and
- are genetic influences among those who lost a parent more similar to those whose parents separated or those who remained coupled?

This study draws on the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to estimate the association between education polygenic scores and adults’ educational attainment by childhood family structure across the 20th Century.

We find that genetic effects on education are smaller for adults whose parents separated than adults whose parents remained married. Moreover, the magnitude of genetic influences remained rather constant across time for adults from two-parent households but decreased for adults whose parents separated.
Additionally, the impact of genes for adults who lost a parent is similar to those who grew up in two-parent households. This suggests that family instability rather than parental absence suppresses genetic influences on education among those whose parents separated.

Sorry, but due to pandemic crisis, this event is only open to internal audience.

Culture de masse et société de classes. Le goût de l'altérité

Philippe Coulangeon, Directeur de recherche CNRS (Sciences Po - OSC)

Presses universitaires de France, septembre 2021, 368 p.

Présentation débat autour de l'ouvrage, mercredi 17 novembre 2021 à 10h30 (Salle Percheron, 98 rue de l'Université pour les publics internes et sur Zoom - à confirmer).

Ce livre trouve son origine dans un intérêt ancien pour les questions liées à la composante culturelle des inégalités sociales et des rapports de classes. Il entend à ce titre défendre la portée analytique de la notion de classe sociale (...) dans un contexte où elles apparaissent pourtant moins clairement identifiées que par le passé à des cultures de classes unifiées et cohérentes. Ce brouillage des frontières symboliques entre les classes sociales, qui n'implique pas la réduction des inégalités au chaos anarchique des rivalités individuelles, trouve son origine dans une série de facteurs qui tiennent notamment aux transformations des modes de production et de circulation des biens et services culturels et à la diffusion de l'éducation.  

SOMMAIRE

Introduction
  De la culture comme identité à la culture comme ressources
  Le brouillage des frontières culturelles et politiques entre classes
  Les mutations de l'économie des ressources culturelles
  Le capital culturel au XXIème siècle
  Une société de classes sans culture de classes ?
Chapitre 1 - Culture et inégalité
  Qu'est-ce qu'une inégalité culturelle
Du relativisme au culturalisme - Désirabilité et légitimité - Inégalité d'accès et inégalité de traitement
  Culture, stratification sociale et rapports de classe
La stratification sociale de l'accès aux ressources - La superstructure culturelle des rapports de classe - La culture comme frontière et comme marqueur de statut - Volume et structure des capitaux
Chapitre 2 - La culture comme capital
  Capital culturel et handicap scolaire
  Arbitraire culturel et « violence symbolique »
  La supériorité empirique des usages faibles du concept de capital culturel
Chapitre 3 - Un siècle d'expansion scolaire et de diffusion culturelle
  Les conséquences sociales et culturelles de la diffusion de l'éducation
  Un décalage transatlantique
  La pluralité des modèles d'expansion : école de masse et écoles de classes
Chapitre 4 - Expansion scolaire et inégalités
  Les trois dimensions de l'inégalité scolaire
La réduction incertaine de l'inégalité globale de la distribution des ressources éducatives - L'inertie du biais socioculturel de l'école - Les forces de rappel de l'origine
  L'érosion de la rente scolaire et culturelle
L'inflation des diplômes - L'affaiblissement du magistère culturel de l'école
Chapitre 5 - Les fonctions émancipatrices de l'expansion scolaire en question
  L'investissement éducatif au coeur de l'accumulation
Éducation et croissance - Rendements sociaux et financement public
  L'éducation et la culture, arguments du bien-être individuel et collectif
  Le salut scolaire à l'épreuve des théories critiques de l'École
L'École capitaliste - L'éducation au service de l'accaparement des opportunités - Qui trop éduque mal intègre ?
  Les théories critiques de l'expansion scolaire au défi de ses effets
La robustesse des effets sui generis de l'éducation - L'effet compensateur des transferts culturels
Chapitre 6 - Le savant, le populaire et le mélange des genres
  La métaphore de l'omnnivore
Un tropisme musical - Ouverture culturelle et distance sociale entre les répertoires
  L'essor controversé d'un contre-modèle
Des formes éclectiques de la distinction culturelle - Des élites sans élitisme
  Le recul de la distinction savante
  Socialisation plurielle et éclectisme
Chapitre 7 - Les formes émergentes du capital culturel
  Un capital multiculturel
  Capital savant et capital technique
  Capital culturel et réflexivité
  La politique culturelle au défi de la redéfinition des clivages
Chapitre 8 - La recomposition des structures sociales du goût et des attitudes culturelles
  Une mise à l'épreuve empirique de la portée du syncrétisme des goûts musicaux
  Légitimité académique et légitimité éclectique
Chapitre 9 - L'ouverture à la diversité à l'épreuve des inégalités
  Ouverture culturelle et rapports de classe
La gentrification comme relation de pouvoir et instrument paradoxal de l'entre-soi - Le capital multiculturel au risque de l'approriation
  La déhiérarchisation incertaine des répertoires culturels
L'asymétrie des échanges symboliques entre les groupes sociaux - Les ambiguïtés du relativisme culturel  - Les ressources relationnelles de l'ouverture - Un capital versatile inégalement accessible
Chapitre 10 - L'ouverture politique et culturelle comme horizon de la légitimité
  Les avatars du vote de classe
Aux origines du vote « non naturel » - Les déterminants sociaux de l'ouverture à l'altérité
  Le moteur générationnel du changement
De la révolution silencieuse au backslash conservateur - La structure générationnelle des changements culturels - Le double visage de l'expansion éducative
Chapitre 11 - Normes politiques, normes culturelles et normes morales
  Le libéralisme culturel et son double
  Quatre profils d'attitudes politiques
  La superposition imparfaite des clivages hétérogènes

A lire au fil de la conclusion (extraits)...

• La massification scolaire, partout où elle s'est produite, a exercé des effets modestes et incertains sur la dynamique historique des inégalités. La diffusion de l'éducation ne s'est pas toujours accompagnée d'un réduction substantielle de l'inégalité sociale des chances d'accès aux différents niveaux de diplômes et de l'inégalité sociale des performances scolaires, frappées l'une et l'autre d'une assez forte inertie...

• Par ailleurs, l'école n'a favorisé la plupart du temps qu'un accroissement limité de la mobilité sociale au regard du rôle que lui prêtaient les doctrines de la méritocratie scolaire.

• Les changements associés à l'intensification et à la diversification de la production et des échanges culturels [analysés dans l'ouvrage] décrivent des sociétés traversées par des clivages culturels qui correspondent de moins en moins à l'opposition traditionnelle des registres savants et populaires mais de manière croissante au clivage entre l'ouverture et la fermeture à la diversité culturelle.
• Les transformations culturelles observées plus particulièrement depuis les années 80 au sein de la société française procèdent ainsi plus largement d'une inversion historique de la relation entre la distance symbolique et la distance physique entre groupes sociaux.   

POUR EN SAVOIR PLUS

Site de l'éditeur (PUF)
Page de Philippe Coulangeon
Entretien sur France Culture (1er octobre, podcast, La Suite dans les idées par Sylvain Bourmeau)

Ségrégation urbaine et choix du collège :
quelles contributions à la ségrégation scolaire ?

Béatrice Boutchénik, Pauline Givord, Olivier Monso

Revue économique, 2021, vol. 72, n° 5, p. 717 à 747

Le système scolaire français fournit une illustration intéressante de l’impact du choix scolaire sur la ségrégation entre établissements, car il combine une affectation géographique assez stricte des élèves dans les collèges publics, avec l’existence d’établissements privés financés par l’État, non soumis à la carte scolaire.

En utilisant une approche d’équilibre partiel, les résultats empiriques de l'article donnent une mesure des contributions relatives de la ségrégation urbaine et du choix du collège sur la ségrégation scolaire pour trois zones urbaines françaises : Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand et Paris. En utilisant les limites précises des secteurs de recrutement scolaire et les données administratives sur les élèves inscrits, il a été possible d’identifier, pour chaque élève, le collège public dans lequel il aurait dû être inscrit selon la règle d’affectation, et le collège qu’il fréquente effectivement.
On peut comparer le degré de ségrégation scolaire qui serait observé si tous les élèves étaient inscrits dans le collège public de leur quartier au degré réel de ségrégation sociale dans les collèges. La différence entre la ségrégation résidentielle et la ségrégation scolaire indique dans quelle mesure le choix des familles de ne pas fréquenter leur collège public de secteur aggrave ou, au contraire, atténue l’impact de la ségrégation résidentielle sur la ségrégation scolaire. L'article détaille les deux principaux mécanismes opposés qui peuvent expliquer cette relation : effets de « réallocation » et d’« évitement ».

Sur le plan méthodologique, cet article propose un nouvel outil pour décomposer les indices de ségrégation, en s’appuyant sur une mesure couramment utilisée, l’indice d’entropie normalisé, version normalisée de l’indice d’information mutuelle.

Les résultats confirment que dans les trois villes, le niveau de ségrégation observé entre collèges reflète en grande partie le niveau de ségrégation urbaine. Cependant, les possibilités de choix scolaire, et notamment l’inscription dans les collèges privés, contribuent à réduire encore la mixité sociale dans les collèges de ces trois villes.

Le fait que certains parents évitent le collège de secteur contribue pour 37 % à 49 % au niveau de ségrégation dans les collèges, selon la ville considérée, résultat essentiellement déterminé par l’évitement vers l’enseignement privé.Si la mixité sociale se détériore dans les collèges publics évités, la polarisation sociale entre collèges privés est également marginalement plus élevée (et dans le cas de Paris, significativement plus élevée) que celle observée au niveau local.

Ces estimations empiriques statiques suggèrent que dans le contexte actuel, les pratiques de contournement de la carte scolaire sont étroitement liées au milieu socio-économique et au lieu de résidence des familles, et sont un mécanisme déterminant de la ségrégation scolaire.

Le texte est ici disponible en ligne sur Cairn

The paper is also available in English language

Care earnings in the United States and 24 European countries:
The role of social policy and labour market institutions

Emanuele Ferragina (Sciences Po, OSC & LIEPP)
Zachary Parolin (Bocconi University Milano and Columbia University)

Social Policy & Administration

First Published 08 September 2021 - Available online (Wiley Online Library)

Care occupations are gendered and remain relatively poorly paid, particularly in the United States. Prior research on the ‘care penalty’ primarily points to individual, relational, and market-valuation factors in explaining the relative earnings of care workers.

This study integrates these explanations with a comparative institutional perspective. Using higher-quality data and methods than previous comparative research in the field—that is, harmonized micro-data from the Current Population Survey and EU-SILC from 2005 to 2016, country and year fixed effects models, and a counterfactual analysis—we find that national variance in labour market and welfare state institutions explains most of the difference in the relative earnings of reproductive care workers between the United States and European countries.

Higher rates of collective bargaining coverage, stronger employment protection and welfare state spending contribute to higher relative earnings for reproductive care occupations, and lower relative earnings for high-status nurturant care occupations.

Differences in the relative earnings of care workers appear to be mostly a construct of social policy and labour market institutions rather than individual, relational, and market-valuation factors.

  Classification of care occupations

  Total employment shares by occupation type and region, 2016

PhD Defense, Wednesday 22th September 2021, 2pm (via Zoom)

Jury
Philippe Coulangeon (PhD supervisor, CNRS, OSC), Sonalde Desai (reviewer, University of Maryland), Magne Paalgard Flemmen (reviewer, Universitetet i Oslo), Christophe Jaffrelot (PhD supervisor, CNRS, CERI), Jules Naudet (CNRS, CEIAS), Divya Vaid (Jawarhalal Nehru University)

Since 2010, more than two hundred cases of violence related to the sale or alleged consumption of beef or non-vegetarian products, against religious minorities and low castes, have occurred in India.

How can food trigger such violent attacks? In a context of deep transformations of the social structure, the dissertation suggests that these incidents mirror symbolic struggles between religious and caste groups, and that they indicate the continued cultural hegemony of the Hindu high castes, of which vegetarianism is one of the most emblematic markers.

Based on secondary analysis of quantitative surveys and on fieldwork conducted in Uttar Pradesh, a region in northern India, I show how this diet remains salient in the contemporary period.

In doing so, I highlight the importance of religion and caste in food lifestyles and I uncover the mechanisms of diffusion of cultural practices, whether through processes of cultural emulation deriving from class mobility or in relation to the stigmatization of the Muslim minority.

I also highlight the plurality of repertoires of justification for vegetarianism, particularly within the most affluent and educationally endowed classes. In sum, the convergence between the different meanings attributed to this diet – ranging from religious, economic, political, dietary, and even environmental – favors the centrality of vegetarianism in the Indian social space, which in turn plays a key role in the social dynamics of status, integration and stigmatization in contemporary India.

Depuis 2010, plus de deux cent cas de violence liés à la vente ou à la consommation présumée de bœuf ou de produits non végétariens, à l'encontre de minorités religieuses et de basses castes, ont eu lieu en Inde.
Comment l’alimentation peut-elle déclencher des attaques aussi violentes ?
En étudiant les transformations de la structure sociale, la thèse suggère que ces incidents sont le reflet de luttes symboliques entre groupes religieux et de castes et qu’ils traduisent le maintien de l’hégémonie culturelle des hautes castes hindoues, dont le végétarisme en est un des marqueurs les plus emblématiques.
À partir de l’analyse secondaire d’enquêtes quantitatives et d’entretiens menés dans l’Uttar Pradesh, une région du Nord de l’Inde, je montre comment ce régime alimentaire demeure central dans la période contemporaine.
Ce faisant, je souligne l’importance de la religion et de la caste dans les styles de vie alimentaires, tout en mettant au jour des mécanismes de diffusion culturelle, qu’ils relèvent de processus d’émulation culturelle liés à la position de classe ou qu’ils soient en lien avec la stigmatisation de la minorité musulmane.
Je souligne enfin la pluralité des répertoires de justification du végétarisme, en particulier au sein des classes les plus aisées et les plus dotées en capital scolaire. En somme, la convergence entre les différentes significations – religieuse, économique, politique, diététique, environnementale – attribuées à ce régime alimentaire favorise la prégnance du végétarisme dans l’espace social indien, faisant ainsi jouer à ce dernier un rôle clef dans les dynamiques sociales de statut, d’intégration et de stigmatisation dans l’Inde contemporaine.

Birth Order and First Sexual Experience:
Do Siblings Influence Sexual Debut in Adolescents?

Marta Pasqualini (Sciences Po - OSC), Amanda Sacker (University College of London)
& Anne McMunn (University College of London)

Archives of Sexual Behavior, The Official Pulication of the International Academy of Sex Research

First Published, 21 August 2021 (Open Access)

Authors explored the relationship between birth order, sex, timing of sexual initiation, and its consequences for risky sexual behavior and sexual health. They evaluated several research hypothesis. Data are drawn from the third UK National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and lifestyles. A selected sample of young adults aged 16-24 sexually active was build for face to face interviews and self-completion questionnaires. 

Birth order represents a social determinant of individual development, which strongly affects the propensity to adopt certain behaviors and attitudes. Empirical evidence has suggested that siblings are major socializing agents with regard to issues that are relevant for adolescents, such as the first sexual experience.

Whereas women born as only-children were more likely to sexually debut at later ages, middle-child boys were significantly more prone to initiate sexual intercourse earlier compared with first-borns. As expected, early sexual initiation was associated with riskier behaviors and sexual health outcomes.
Authors hypothesized that having a sister as the confidant concerning sexual issues would protect both men and women from adopting risky behaviors and contracting sexual diseases (“mentor effect”)... read here the full paper to consult the whole results and strengths.

The End of Austerity as Common Sense?: An Experimental Analysis of Public Opinion Shifts and Class Dynamics During the Covid-19 Crisis 

Emanuele Ferragina (Associate Professor, Sciences Po - OSC)
Andrew Zola (Research Assistant and Ms Student, Sciences Po)

New Political Economy, online 20th July 2021 - The paper is available online for subscribers (Taylor & Francis journals)

The authors investigate the question of the austerity politics acceptance during the Covid-19 crisis in France. They test if citizens’ viewpoints are sensitive to the trade-off between health and economics, receptive to austerity and conditioned by their socioeconomic status. They find change into public opinion through the lockdown and afterwards.

"The aim of this paper is to understand if, and to what degree, public opinion regarding the suitability of austerity politics and support for public services has begun to realign. While the French public appears to have widely acquiesced to fiscal consolidation measures in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, we examine whether this is still the case today. Theoretically, we take pro-austerity crisis narratives as our basis for measuring public attitudes. These narratives make the policy path towards fiscal consolidation appear as a necessary and inevitable response to economic crisis".

"The Covid-19 pandemic constitutes an exceptional setting to study the salience of austerity in crisis narratives. Moving within this context, our paper provides a timely analysis of public viewpoints of austerity in the midst of a public health and economic crisis based on a unique set of panel data and a methodological approach mixing survey questions and experiments".

"Our empirical evidence suggests that public preferences favour increased public spending in relation to pre-epidemic levels, especially in healthcare and education — sectors greatly impacted by austerity measures in the recent past. Additionally, while public opinion is highly manipulable with authoritative messages about health and economic concerns, this is not the case with pro-austerity crisis narratives for the large majority of the public. Only the upper class (...) continue to partially support these narratives".

"The potential implications of these results for the study of class and conflict in political economy and sociology are considerable. There is a class divide of public preferences for austerity that cuts across wealth, profession and self-perception of position in society. Does this mean that the crisis precipitated by the Covid-19 outbreak might contribute both to an increased division of material privilege along class lines (‘class in itself’) and also to increased divisions in the ‘common sense’ held by these groups (‘class for itself’)?"

"Our findings seem to suggest that the political economy order underpinned by neoliberal economics and austerity does not seem to be considered as viable by the large majority of the French public".

The OSC is hiring a Postdoctoral fellow for the project "Assessing the Individual and Societal Economic Consequences of Premature Widowhood following the Covid-19 Pandemic", leading by Zachary Van Winkle (ANR funded).

The project involves different European teams (INED, ENSAE, University of Cologne, Finnish Centre for Pensions and Oxford University) to examine the individual, economic and social consequences of the increase in premature widowhood resulting from deaths linked to the covid-19 pandemic. It aims to expand the knowledge base on widowhood and to enable policy makers to adapt social policies in response to the pandemic.

The person recruited will be expected:
- To work in collaboration with the project leader on the analysis of data from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the Permanent Demographic Sample and the tax data (provided by the CASD Secure Data Access Centre),
- To contribute to the production of papers for publication in academic journals or dissemination within international networks.
She/he will be funded to participate in international conferences, will be integrated into the international research team of the project, as well as into the OSC, which will provide a supportive working environment.

Skills required:
- PhD in social sciences, preferably in sociology, demography or economics
- Processing and analysis of quantitative data with Stata and/or R
- Proficiency in scientific English

Starting date: 01/10/2021
Duration: 9 months
Application file must be send by e-mail before 31 July 2021 to Zachary Van Winkle  with a CV and a letter of motivation.

Fiche de poste en français

Cursus et métiers : comprendre la ségrégation genrée

En matière d’éducation, les femmes surpassent désormais les hommes : leurs taux de réussite aux diplômes dans le secondaire et l’enseignement supérieur sont nettement plus élevés dans quasiment tous les pays de l’OCDE (1). Grâce à ces progrès, les écarts de rémunération et de carrière entre les sexes se sont considérablement réduits au cours des dernières décennies. Aujourd’hui, les femmes accèdent autant que les hommes aux emplois diplômés.

Cependant, lorsque l’on examine leurs domaines d’études, les femmes restent sous-représentées dans certains emplois, en particulier les mieux rémunérés comme l’ingénierie et les TIC. Au contraire, elles sont surreprésentées dans d’autres emplois ou secteurs, caractérisés par des revenus inférieurs à la moyenne, tels que le domaine artistique ou les sciences humaines.
On constate aussi que la ségrégation entre les sexes dans l’enseignement supérieur est très résistante au changement, y compris dans les cohortes les plus récentes.
Or, cette ségrégation dans les métiers et les secteurs est l’un des facteurs principaux expliquant l’écart salarial entre les hommes et les femmes. Il faut donc comprendre comment et quand elle se génère, afin de la contrer par des politiques efficaces. Malheureusement, ses ressorts ont été peu étudiés. Si plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées, les preuves empiriques restent rares et surtout limitées aux États-Unis.

Pour éclaircir cette énigme, Carlo Barone et Estelle Herbaut ont exploité une riche enquête longitudinale à grande échelle, réalisée en France par l’office statistique du Ministère de l’Éducation nationale (DEPP). Elle permet de suivre une cohorte d’étudiants depuis leur entrée dans l’enseignement secondaire jusqu’à la fin de leur cursus supérieur. Les auteurs ont ainsi utilisé un ensemble de données recueillies auprès d’élèves, d’enseignants, de parents et de plusieurs sources administratives (2).

La suite de l'article est à retrouver sur la page du magazine COGITO : https://www.sciencespo.fr/research/cogito/home/cursus-et-metiers-comprendre-la-segregation-genree/ 
Version en anglais prochainement disponible.

(1) En France 26% des femmes, contre 23% des hommes, ont en 2020 un diplôme de niveau Bac+3 (Source INSEE).

(2) Estelle Herbaut, Carlo Barone, “Explaining gender segregation in higher education: longitudinal evidence on the French case”, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 2021.